assert: implies stating confidently or even brashly without need for proof or regard for evidence: ~ed that modern music is just noise.   (brash冲动草率鲁莽=impetuous)





declare: stresses the making of an open or public statement: the jury ~d the defendant guilty.   注意不要写成defendent.





affirm: implies conviction and willingness to stand by one's statement because of evidence, experience, or faith: ~ed the existence of an afterlife.    来生





protest: stresses affirmation, especiallyin the face of denial or doubt: ~ed that he had never had a more splendid meal.   （protect最常用的意思是抗议，即表示反对to object，如to protest against the arrest of …抗议对…的逮捕）





avow: stresses frank declaration and acknowledgement of personal responsibility for what is declared: ~ed that all investors would be repaid in full.  （frank坦率: 不隐瞒害羞沉默implies freedom from secretiveness, shyness, and reticence，如frank discussions on arms control坦率讨论军控问题）  （反义词disavow表示否认责任denial of responsibility, acceptance, or approval，如the radical group disavowed any responsibility for the bombing激进组织否认对爆炸负责）





assert声称: 指自信地声明，甚至是草率鲁莽，可能没有证明证据，declare宣布: 强调公开或公共的声明，affirm坚称: 表示坚信和坚持，如有证据经历信念，protest坚称: 强调在面对反对质疑时坚称，avow承认: 指承认个人有责任





记忆方法：1）首字母ADAPA想成3A店铺<==宣称






         2）宣称的意思是面对否认反对时的肯定性声明mean to state positively usually in anticipation or in the face of denial or objection.